Regression coefficients, also known as slope coefficients or beta coefficients, are estimates of the relationship between the independent variable(s) and the dependent variable in a regression analysis. These coefficients possess several properties that are important to understand when interpreting regression results. The key properties of regression coefficients are as follows:

1. Interpretability: Regression coefficients have a direct interpretability in terms of the units of the variables involved. For a one-unit change in the independent variable, the regression coefficient represents the corresponding change in the dependent variable, assuming all other variables are held constant.
2. Linearity: Regression coefficients assume a linear relationship between the independent and dependent variables. They reflect the average change in the dependent variable associated with a unit change in the independent variable, assuming a constant linear relationship holds throughout the range of the data.
3. Magnitude and Sign: The magnitude of the regression coefficient indicates the strength of the relationship between the variables. A larger coefficient suggests a stronger association. The sign of the coefficient (positive or negative) reveals the direction of the relationship. A positive coefficient indicates a positive relationship, while a negative coefficient indicates a negative relationship.
4. Statistical Significance: Regression coefficients can be assessed for statistical significance using hypothesis testing. A coefficient is considered statistically significant if it is unlikely to have occurred by chance alone. This indicates that the coefficient is significantly different from zero. Statistical significance provides evidence that the relationship between the variables is not due to random variation.
5. Confidence Intervals: Regression coefficients are often reported with associated confidence intervals. Confidence intervals provide a range of plausible values for the true population coefficient. The width of the confidence interval reflects the uncertainty in the estimation, with narrower intervals indicating more precise estimates.
6. Standard Errors: Regression coefficients are accompanied by standard errors, which measure the variability or uncertainty in the estimation of the coefficient. Larger standard errors indicate greater uncertainty in the estimate. Standard errors are used to calculate confidence intervals and perform hypothesis tests.
7. Independence: Regression coefficients assume that the observations are independent of each other. This assumption ensures that the coefficients are not biased or influenced by dependencies or autocorrelation in the data.
8. Multicollinearity: In multiple regression, multicollinearity refers to the presence of high correlations between independent variables. When multicollinearity is present, it can make the interpretation of individual regression coefficients challenging. Multicollinearity can lead to unstable or unreliable coefficient estimates.
9. Non-Causality: Regression coefficients represent associations, not causality. Although regression analysis can provide insights into relationships between variables, it does not establish causation. Care must be taken to consider other factors, study design, and causal inference methods to draw causal conclusions.

Understanding the properties of regression coefficients is essential for interpreting the results of regression analysis accurately. It helps in understanding the strength, direction, statistical significance, and limitations of the relationships between variables under study.