1. Noun: A word that represents a person, place, thing, or idea (e.g., cat, city, love).
2. Pronoun: A word used in place of a noun to avoid repetition (e.g., he, she, they).
3. Verb: A word that expresses an action, occurrence, or state of being (e.g., run, jump, is).
4. Adjective: A word that describes or modifies a noun (e.g., happy, tall, beautiful).
5. Adverb: A word that describes or modifies a verb, adjective, or another adverb (e.g., quickly, very, easily).
6. Preposition: A word that shows the relationship between a noun or pronoun and other words in a sentence (e.g., in, on, at).
7. Conjunction: A word that connects words, phrases, or clauses (e.g., and, but, or).
8. Interjection: A word or phrase used to express strong emotion or surprise (e.g., wow, oh, oops).

Modals:

Modals are a type of auxiliary verb that express possibility, necessity, permission, ability, or obligation. Common modals include:

• Can: I can swim.
• Could: Could you pass me the salt, please?
• May: May I borrow your pen?
• Might: It might rain tomorrow.
• Must: You must study for the exam.
• Shall: Shall we go for a walk?
• Should: You should eat your vegetables.
• Will: He will arrive soon.
• Would: Would you like some coffee?

Concord (Subject-Verb Agreement):

Concord, also known as subject-verb agreement, refers to the grammatical agreement between a subject and its corresponding verb in terms of number (singular or plural). The verb must agree with the subject in terms of singular or plural form. For example:

• The cat is sleeping. (Singular subject, singular verb)
• The cats are sleeping. (Plural subject, plural verb)

Articles:

Articles are words used before nouns to specify or indicate the scope of the noun. There are three articles in English:

• Definite Article: “The”
  • Used to refer to a specific or particular noun that is known to both the speaker and the listener. For example: “The car is parked outside.”
• Indefinite Articles: “A” and “An”
  • Used to refer to a non-specific or general noun. “A” is used before words starting with consonant sounds, while “An” is used before words starting with vowel sounds. For example: “A cat is in the garden,” “An apple is on the table.”

It’s important to note that articles are also influenced by countability and noun types in certain contexts.