Self-Determination Theory (SDT) is a contemporary theory of motivation developed by Edward Deci and Richard Ryan. It focuses on the intrinsic motivation and psychological needs that drive human behavior. SDT proposes that individuals have three innate psychological needs that, when satisfied, contribute to intrinsic motivation and well-being:
- Autonomy: Autonomy refers to the need for individuals to have a sense of choice, volition, and control over their actions. It involves feeling that one’s behavior is self-determined rather than controlled by external forces. When individuals experience autonomy, they are more likely to feel motivated, engaged, and satisfied with their activities.
- Competence: Competence refers to the need to feel capable, effective, and competent in one’s actions and interactions with the environment. It involves seeking opportunities for growth, skill development, and mastery. When individuals experience competence, they are more likely to be motivated, persevere in the face of challenges, and experience a sense of accomplishment.
- Relatedness: Relatedness refers to the need for social connection, belongingness, and meaningful relationships with others. It involves feeling connected, valued, and understood by others. When individuals experience relatedness, they are more likely to be motivated, collaborate with others, and experience positive emotions.
According to SDT, when these three basic psychological needs are fulfilled, individuals experience intrinsic motivation, engagement, and well-being. In contrast, when these needs are thwarted, individuals may experience lower motivation, disengagement, and negative outcomes.
SDT also distinguishes between intrinsic motivation and extrinsic motivation. Intrinsic motivation involves engaging in activities for their inherent enjoyment, interest, or satisfaction. Extrinsic motivation, on the other hand, involves engaging in activities to obtain external rewards or avoid punishments. SDT suggests that intrinsic motivation is more beneficial for well-being and long-term engagement compared to extrinsic motivation. However, certain types of extrinsic motivation, such as autonomous or self-determined extrinsic motivation, can still be aligned with individuals’ values and needs, leading to positive outcomes.