In the context of manufacturing systems, intermittent manufacturing refers to a type of production system where the production of items occurs intermittently or in batches. This is in contrast to continuous manufacturing where products are produced continuously without interruption. Intermittent manufacturing systems are well-suited for situations where there is a variety of products, and each product requires different processes, specifications, or setups. Here are the primary types of intermittent manufacturing systems:

1. Job Shop Manufacturing:
   • Characteristics:
     • Low volume and high variety of products.
     • Customized or made-to-order production.
   • Process:
     • Work centers or machines are organized by function.
     • Each job or product is unique and may require different processes and setups.
   • Examples:
     • Custom machining shops, custom furniture manufacturing.
2. Batch Production:
   • Characteristics:
     • Moderate volume and moderate variety of products.
     • Production occurs in batches, with each batch typically dedicated to a specific product.
   • Process:
     • Similar products are grouped together for production.
     • Equipment setups are adjusted for each batch.
   • Examples:
     • Food processing, pharmaceuticals, small-scale electronics manufacturing.
3. Cellular Manufacturing:
   • Characteristics:
     • Grouping of machines and equipment into cells to produce families of similar products.
     • Improved flow and efficiency within each cell.
   • Process:
     • Each cell is responsible for specific products or components.
     • Cells are designed to minimize setup times and enhance flexibility.
   • Examples:
     • Assembly lines for consumer electronics, automotive components.
4. Flexible Manufacturing System (FMS):
   • Characteristics:
     • Integrates computer-controlled machines to produce a variety of parts or products.
     • Allows for quick changeovers between different products.
   • Process:
     • Automated and computer-controlled processes.
     • High level of adaptability to changing production requirements.
   • Examples:
     • CNC machining centers, automated manufacturing lines.
5. Project Manufacturing:
   • Characteristics:
     • Involves unique, one-time projects with specific objectives.
     • Complex and non-repetitive activities.
   • Process:
     • Projects require a combination of various skills and resources.
     • Project management plays a crucial role.
   • Examples:
     • Construction projects, shipbuilding, aerospace projects.
6. Mass Customization:
   • Characteristics:
     • Combines aspects of mass production and customization.
     • Provides customized products at a large scale.
   • Process:
     • Utilizes flexible manufacturing systems and advanced technologies.
     • Tailors products to individual customer preferences.
   • Examples:
     • Customizable computer configurations, personalized consumer goods.

Intermittent manufacturing systems offer flexibility to handle a variety of products but may face challenges in terms of setup times, production lead times, and resource utilization efficiency. The choice of the specific system depends on factors such as product variety, production volume, and the level of customization required.